“Justice is what love
looks like in public.”
Cornel West as quoted by Cheri Maples, On Being interview, 2015
Cornel West as quoted by Cheri Maples, On Being interview, 2015
“There's no them. It's
all us.”
Cheri Maples
Cheri Maples
Who might say these
words?
“When he leaves the
house, I honestly don’t know if I will ever see him again.”
“There is a
lot of suffering here.”
A
member of a police officer’s family might say these words. A black parent or spouse might say them
also. How can we bring empathy and
mindfulness into the relationship between communities and police—and together build
peace in our communities?
Through 2016, black men continued to be shot by police in alarming incidents out of
proportion to those affecting white citizens.
And, white and black police officers were targeted in sniper
attacks.
As
teachers, we need to help our students of various ages deal with the complex issues
of police/community relations. These
include violence against black citizens and police, the Black Lives Matter
movement, militarization of the police forces of our country, the effects of unconscious
bias, and the role of fear in building “us versus them” confrontations. Some of our students will be African
American, Latino, Asian, or Native American, and some will have European
American heritages. Some will be
children of police or other law enforcement officials. How will we help a diverse group of students
take the perspectives of others to build empathy and understanding?
I
often tell my students, “I will not tell you what to think, but I will make
you think.” Now it’s time to say, I will
not tell you how to care, but I will suggest ways to help you develop empathy
for police, black citizens, white citizens, and members of our communities
whose views on relations between police and communities may differ from yours
or your family’s viewpoints.
A Mandate to Think,
Care, and Act
As
teachers, we help our students grow their abilities to think, care, and
act. Now, we can teach them how to
analyze each side’s positions and lived experiences, show each side compassion,
and act helpfully in their classes and ultimately their communities to build
peace and justice. I have written
previously about how to help students understand the Black Lives Matter
movement and the injustices experienced by many members of communities of color
in the justice system. (See my September
2015 blog post: Preparing our
Multicultural Selves to Teach/Reach All of our Children in the Era of Black
Lives Matter.)
To
those recommendations, I add using the letters, websites, and interviews below to
help all students better understand the pain and suffering of both the police
and communities of color in the United States today.
Teaching Ferguson: “How
can we educate ourselves and others, with the goal of promoting human rights
for everyone?”
A few years ago, seventh and eighth grade students
in my Model UN class wanted to investigate the issues surrounding police
killings of black men in Ferguson, Missouri and Brooklyn, New York. In gathering information, we were also
careful to avoid the “he said/she said” of conflicting news outlets to focus on
the possible reasons Mike Brown and Eric Garner’s deaths had provoked public
protest in several cities. We prefaced
our discussion by adopting a goal to make our communities safe for our police
officers as well as all members of our communities. We wrote our goal on the board:
How can we educate
ourselves and others with the aim of promoting human rights for everyone:
police and community members, people of all races, ethnicities, ages, and
backgrounds?
I explained that I experience less worry as a white
driver in my community than my Indian neighbor, who had a disproportionate
number of local traffic stops until she introduced herself to our local police
as a resident of the area. I introduced
data indicating that neighboring New Jersey State Police had used racial
profiling in traffic stops.
In contrast, I also shared that I am honored to
teach students whose parents are police officers. I am proud of a former student who was a
police officer in Houston. He was so
well loved in his community that “911” callers asked for him personally to come
to their aid in emergencies. In each
step of class, knowing the variety of students and their backgrounds and
experiences, we strove to maintain a balance of perspectives and to make the
class a safe place for students to think for themselves. Following up at home with family members was
encouraged.
But
when we settled in to analyze the Missouri Attorney General’s own statistics, we
soon saw they revealed rampant police discrimination toward African Americans
in Ferguson, Missouri. Allowing the students
to grapple with these statistics, we all had to agree: there is a problem in
Ferguson that is likely replicated in communities across the United States. Black drivers are stopped, searched, and
arrested more often than white drivers, and in numbers far out of proportion to
the population.
Letter from a State
Police Officer to a Teacher:
That
evening, I received an email from a student’s parent, a state police officer. This veteran officer reported that his child
had been distressed by my accounts about profiling by my local department and
New Jersey State Police. Over several
days we had a long and thoughtful email exchange, and with permission, I
include some of it here. Always respectful,
this officer asked for my consideration of his point of view. I offer his words as an example of heartfelt
dialogue we can foster.
“I should start by saying my wife and I have
the utmost respect for you as an educator and we are blessed to have you
teaching our children. We openly discuss the world, national and local
news events with our kids, and have recently spent much time trying to make
sense of the recent grand jury decisions in Ferguson, MO and New York
City. We explained that while we may
have different views about the government, political issues, healthcare,
religion, etc., we are all citizens of this great community, state, country and
world. We should respect others’ opinions, listen to each other, learn
from each other and each do our part to make the world a better place.
“Recently
there has been a tremendous amount of negative press coverage where our police
have been portrayed as evil militant robots who are chomping at the bit to use
excessive force at the slightest provocation. When in actuality, our police are
husbands, wives, moms, dads, coaches and mentors. It is our police who
work around the clock patrolling our communities protecting those of us who
obey the law from those who do not. Believe me, I am not claiming that
racism does not exist with law enforcement, because it does. I am not claiming
that there aren't those within the profession who misuse their authority or
position, or those who use excessive force. I do say with certainty that
the overwhelming majority of police perform their duties within the confines of
the law and the Constitution, and work hard to keep their communities
safe.
“Over
the years I have worked with some wonderful, smart and dedicated people who
chose law enforcement as a profession. Throughout my career, I have had
the pleasure to work with a racially diverse group of men and women who have
come from varied socio-economic backgrounds.
A group who, while different, were unified by their desire to work in
law enforcement; to serve the community honestly and faithfully….
“At
the start of every shift I remind my coworkers that… (we are) 'People Serving
People.' As a member of law enforcement I feel it is part of my duties to
understand the needs and feelings of members of the communities that I serve,
and to communicate with them so that they understand me so that together we can
continue to build a cooperative relationship and work to keep our communities
safe….
“I am hoping
that somewhere in your lesson plan you can find a way to spread a positive
message about the thousands of men and women in law enforcement who are out
there around the clock protecting and serving our communities.”
“Social Workers With
Guns”
I
often recommend the American Public Media program On Being as a resource for teachers. Again, producer Krista Tippett comes to our
aid with her 2015 interview of former Madison, Wisconsin police officer, Head
of Probation and Parole Department, and Assistant Attorney General Cheri
Maples. Maples offers details that can
help our students of all backgrounds better understand the perils and possibilities
of policing. The entire interview is
available as transcript, and it would be helpful to assign it as reading prior
to discussion and activities recommended below.
The podcast is available as well.
Cheri
Maples was a social worker in Madison, Wisconsin in the 1980s, when a friend recruited
her, “You’re athletic, you’re compassionate, why don’t you join the police
force? We do crisis intervention all the
time. We’re just social workers with
guns.” The Madison police chief was
progressive. In fact, he had billboards
around town advertising the police force as the “the next Peace Corps.” Cheri
had a family to support, and the pay would be good. She joined.
Maples’s
interview provides many insights into the toll of police work and the possibilities
for bringing peace back into this work. For
example, Maples speaks of the hyper
vigilance it takes to be a police officer.
While most traffic stops or domestic calls may go smoothly, officers are
trained for the ones that go bad. This hyper
vigilance—and in some cases past experiences or the expectation of negative
future experiences—leads to increased adrenaline and triggers fear
responses. In some cases police training
itself is a recipe for disaster. Training
can be redirected, she says, based on her experience in the Madison, Wisconsin
police department. As well, she
acknowledges the tension, grief, and post-traumatic stress police officers
experience. There should be mandatory (and
skilled) counseling for officers on a routine basis, she recommends, to help
them deal not only with tactical issues but emotional ones that arise from
police service.
Maples
also asks for a redirection of priorities, away from the militarization of policing evident since September 11, 2001 and the
dawn of the “war on terror.” She asks us
to question whether our police forces are supposed to be paramilitary forces or
community peacekeeping professionals (and argues for the latter). She urges communities to pursue federal money
for training that is not militarizing, but humanizing for police forces,
clarifying: “If the military and the police mission get confused we're in big,
big trouble out there.” Thus, Maples
urges community members to get involved with police departments and help define
what community expectations are for use of deadly force, for example, and what
the community will do to build communication with the police for the security
of all.
As
well, like the rest of the population, Maples reminds us that police officers
have implicit or unconscious biases
that impact their decisions about where to wait for cars with tail light issues
or whom to stop on the highway. Maples
uses the analogy of types of automobiles to see how implicit bias works in
policing. “So let's say that people who drive can be categorized as driving
Fords, Dodges, Chevys, or Toyotas. And
let's say police officers believe the people who drive Fords are the most
likely to commit crimes. Even though
that's not true. And research shows that's not true. Well, then you're going to sit outside Ford
dealerships. And you're going to go
where you think Ford drivers might be and because you stop many more of them,
you're also, many more of them than you do the other drivers, you're also going
to arrest more of them, which is then going to feed that bias.” Research has shown that anti-bias training
and mindfulness training can help break down such automatic reactions and
harmful behaviors. (See the work of Mahzarin R. Banaji and Anthony G. Greenwald
in Blindspot: Hidden Biases of Good People
or the website Project Implicit for
more about Implicit Bias Testing.)
Fierce Bodhisattvas:
Maples
stumbled onto the teachings of Buddhist Zen teacher Thich Nhat Hanh and
attended a meditation retreat in 1991. She
wondered how to reconcile his nonviolent philosophy of mindfulness with her job
to carry a gun and use it if necessary. He
told her about the Buddhist concept of fierce Bodhisattvas: compassionate
warriors who protect the community. He
asked, “Who else would we want to carry a gun except somebody who will do it
mindfully?”
Maples
began to practice meditation and mindfulness.
She even organized a meditation retreat for hundreds of Madison police
officers, during which time they could express the toll their job takes, the
dangers and stresses they face, and discover techniques to increase their effectiveness
and decrease their tendency to shoot first and ask questions later, as the
saying goes.
“[T]hat's
why mindfulness proved to be so helpful to me in my career because without
tools of awareness, cynicism and an armored heart are almost built into the
job. And none of us I think intend that to be the case, but police officers see
people at their worst. And they need the support of their communities. People
generally don't call us when things are going well for them….”
She
speaks, therefore, about the balance a police officer must achieve: on the one
hand, an officer must be compassionate, thoughtful, steady, and patient. On the other hand, the officer may have to
set boundaries in a different manner, with a “fierce compassion” that may be enforced
with the badge or the gun, that become “symbols of skillful means rather than
simply symbols of authority and power.”
Maples invokes Princeton professor and activist Cornel West’s
observation, “Justice is what love looks like in public.” This is the police officer’s ideal.
Maples
calls on communities and police forces alike to retrain ourselves so that fear
and aggression are not our primary responses to each other. There’s work to do on both sides. Police departments have to redress damage and
rebuild bridges to communities, and communities have to transform their anger
and work energetically for change. She
calls on each of us to participate in this process: “It's a radical political
act to learn to live in more harmony with others. And to change the world or to
love everybody is too big an ambition for any of us. But to be able to respond
to this moment with some engagement and presence and compassion is possible for
all of us.”
Cheri
Maples ends her interview with a poem she wrote for police officers. It is structured in the way Thich Nhat Hanh
creates mindfulness exercises based on breathing.
“Breathing in, I know
that mindfulness is the path to peace.
Breathing out, I know that peace is the path to mindfulness.
Breathing in, I know that peace is the path to justice.
Breathing out, I know that justice is the path to peace.
Breathing in, I know my duty is to provide safety and protection to all beings.
Breathing out, I am humbled and honored by my duty as a peace officer.
Breathing in, I to choose mindfulness as my armor and compassion as my weapon. Breathing out, I aspire to bring love and understanding to all I serve.”
Breathing out, I know that peace is the path to mindfulness.
Breathing in, I know that peace is the path to justice.
Breathing out, I know that justice is the path to peace.
Breathing in, I know my duty is to provide safety and protection to all beings.
Breathing out, I am humbled and honored by my duty as a peace officer.
Breathing in, I to choose mindfulness as my armor and compassion as my weapon. Breathing out, I aspire to bring love and understanding to all I serve.”
As I was preparing to post this blog, I learned Cheri Maples suffered terrible injuries during a bicycling accident. There is more information about her condition on her Twitter feed, and I have added an action step to the lesson plan for those who would like to help.
LESSON PLAN FOR CHERI
MAPLES INTERVIEW: Bringing
Empathy and Mindfulness to the Struggle for Understanding between Police and
Communities of Color
Use
Krista Tippett’s 2015 interview of Cheri Maples to build your students’
ability to think, care, and act upon the following issues. Have students read the interview in its
entirety or as excerpts you prepare.
They may also listen to the podcast.
Consider the following questions/activities for one or several class
periods. Adapt up or down according to
age group of your students.
1.
Effect of uniform on body/mind: How does a uniform,
gun, or bulletproof vest make a person feel, physically and emotionally? Have your students take turns putting on a
tight vest (it can be a heavy winter vest or life jacket). Tell them to try to relax and breathe
deeply. Take off the vest. What differences do they observe in their
bodies?
a.
Discuss
students’ experiences and Maples’s observation: “[T]hink about just how you
dress to do this job. You're putting on armor. Yeah. You know, there's so many
levels of putting on armor. On your heart. On your physical body. It really is quite symbolic…”
2.
Toll of deadly force on officers in real life versus media: As homework or in
class, have students to watch part of a TV “cop” show or movie. They will log the numbers of times a gun is
fired, or the numbers of people killed in a five-minute interval. How many weapons are used? What reactions do they observe on the faces,
in the spoken words, or in the body language of law enforcement officials?
a.
In
class, ask students to compare their media observations with Maples statement about
media portrayals versus the toll it takes on an officer to shoot someone. Maples: “Are you talking to cops who are
grieving? And what I want the community
to understand is something I said before, that for any officer who uses deadly
force, even when it is justified, his or her life is changed forever. And when you see these shows, it's like, you
shoot 'em up. You shoot up four or five people in one week and you come back
and you do it and then the next no emotion. Exactly. No emotional effects whatsoever and that is just
not the way that it happens….”
b.
Have
students discuss or write about this discrepancy between media and real life
policing.
3.
Empathy for police and community member in violent
confrontation:
Educational psychologist Michelle Borba has written about the importance of
perspective taking to help children develop empathy. (See her book, UnSelfie: Why Empathetic Kids Succeed in our All-About-Me World.)
a.
Based
on police shootings in the news, ask your students to write a journal entry as
a victim of police violence and as a police officer who has participated in a
violent confrontation. What are the
emotions each must have been feeling?
How did each see the other?
b.
Share
these aloud and discuss these questions: What could each have done to defuse
the situation? How might training for
community members and police officers help?
c.
Discuss
this statement from Maples: “But police officers are in a lot of situations
where we experience the impulses of fear and reaction and resistance and these
emerge very quickly and powerfully and they can propel us into aggression, and
a solidity of self, and that's true for the people that we're dealing with too.
I think of the Michael Brown incident in Ferguson. And I think that if both
Michael Brown and the officer responding to him. They both experienced those
impulses of fear, reaction and resistance and aggression….”
4.
Empathy for police and community members in daily life: Maples speaks about the toll policing takes on
officers: “And we get a first hand dose of seeing the effects of poverty and
racism and violence and exploitation every single day. And this daily exposure
to repetitive acts of violence and violations affects police officers….” Maples
also discusses a community forum in which members of the Madison African
American community shared their experiences of post-traumatic stress with
members of the police force, “I'll never forget the effect of this man of color
who was crying, just sobbing as he told the story of being taken out of the car
and handcuffed in front of his son and the effect that that had on him. Things like that were so powerful for me and
I think any time that you increase understanding, you increase the chances of
things going well.….”
a.
Have
students investigate media reports and/or White House statements following a
forum President Barack Obama held between members of the law enforcement
community and members of the Black Lives Matter movement in July 2016.
b.
View
the excerpt from the TV sit-com Blackish
in which an African American family debates the police interactions with people
of color.
5.
What does militarization of the police mean for our
country? Have students research the
changes in police weaponry over the past decades. Use the Independent
Lens show or Newsweek article and
website as a resource.
a.
Does
increased weaponry lead to increased confrontations? Do police departments want such weapons as
tanks and drones? Who provides
these? Who funds them?
b.
Interview
a police officer about changes in police weaponry. How do such changes affect/not effect this
officer’s experience of policing?
c.
What
resources or programs could be put in place that might be more effective?
d.
Do
gun control issues play a part in this discussion? Do open-carry laws affect community-police
interactions? How?
e.
Have
students research Time Banking, Community Mediation Youth Courts, restorative
justice programs, and other forms of informal community “safety net” support
building as alternatives to militarization.
6.
Examine the deadly force policy of your local police
department. Research the case Graham vs. Connor. Maples explains: “I can't stress enough how
communities need to look at the deadly force policies of their departments. I
mean, it's such an important place to start because right now what we're using
is this standard of conduct that was outlined in this case called Graham v.
Connor that really outlined when an officer could be charged criminally with
excessive force. And what the problem is most departments have adopted that as
their standard for deadly force. And my question is do we really want this
lowest possible bar of conduct that determined not to be criminal in nature to
be the departmental standard for using deadly force? And I think not because
just because it might not be criminal to respond, using deadly force in any
given incident, doesn't mean that it's the right thing to do ethically.”
a.
What
is the ruling in Graham v. Connor?
b.
Research
a recent grand jury case involving a police officer’s use of deadly force. What was the ruling?
c.
Are
recommendations to be derived from studying the case?
7.
Examining our own interactions: What part do you play
in your community? Are you a keeper of
the peace? Think of a recent interaction
in which you experienced (as generator or recipient) aggression, violence,
anger, bullying, or misunderstanding.
a.
Briefly,
without names, write about what happened.
b.
Consider
this from Cheri Maples: “So any one of us can be the person who makes a difference
in a contentious interaction or meeting by bringing a calm and steady presence
to it. Any one of us can be the person
who rather than exacerbating pain and violence, transforms that by the way they
bear witness to it or respond to it.”
c.
Read
and breathe with Maples’s poem. Now,
write what you could have done to diffuse the situation you described.
d.
Write
your own poem or slogan for mindfully confronting conflict in school or
community.
8.
Taking action in our communities about policing: What action might your students take, as a
class or individually? How will you
respond to this idea from Maples: “I think the public is going to have to
participate in reshaping some of the norms that drive the police department.
And it has happened where people have organized peacefully to put pressure on
the police department.”
a.
Hold
a “teach-in,” lunch meeting, or assembly in which your students teach others
about their study of police-community relations, and what they learned from the
Cheri Maples interview.
b.
Write
letters to their local police chief, newspaper, or school paper, recommending
mindfulness and anti-bias training for police officers. Referring to departments and programs such as
those in Madison, WI may be helpful.
c.
Invite
a local police officer, chief, mayor, families, or community leaders to meet
with your students and allow students to present their suggestions in
person. Students should dress
professionally for the meeting, creating presentation materials such as flyers,
posters, and note cards to facilitate the delivery of their messages.
d. Participate in crowdfunding care for Cheri Maples. Obtain information from her Twitter feed @CheriMaples and at the YouCaring site linked here: https://www.youcaring.com/cherimaples-704111?platform=hootsuite
d. Participate in crowdfunding care for Cheri Maples. Obtain information from her Twitter feed @CheriMaples and at the YouCaring site linked here: https://www.youcaring.com/cherimaples-704111?platform=hootsuite
-Susan Gelber Cannon
Resources for Mindfulness in Policing and Teaching
Resources for Mindfulness in Policing and Teaching
1.
Listen
to and/or read the transcript of Krista Tippetts’s 2015 On Being interview with Cheri Maples, “The Human Challenges of
Police Work.” http://www.onbeing.org/program/thich-nhat-hanh-cheri-maples/extra/human-challenges-police-work
2.
Listen
to and/or read the transcript of Krista Tippetts’s 2002 On Being interview with Teacher Thich Nhat Hanh, Cheri Maples, and
Larry Ward: “Being Peace in a World of Trauma” http://www.onbeing.org/program/thich-nhat-hanh-cheri-maples-and-larry-ward-being-peace-in-a-world-of-trauma/74
3.
View
the Independent Lens program The Militarization of the Police: http://www.pbs.org/independentlens/videos/the-militarization-of-police/
4.
Newsweek article: Militarization of US Police Departments:
Where have all these armored vehicles come from? The military-industrial complex is hard at
work, distributing armored vehicles to police department who may not want them. http://www.newsweek.com/how-americas-police-became-army-1033-program-264537
5.
Have
students explore their own implicit biases by visiting Project Implicit (www.implicit.harvard.edu)
and taking the race (and other) Implicit Association Test [IAT], developed and
explained by Mahzarin R. Banaji and Anthony G. Greenwald in Blindspot: Hidden Biases of Good People. Use the Blindspot
to help students put their (likely) racially biased test results into
perspective. Explore other ‘isms with
them: gender bias, ageism, size bias, etc.
6.
Read
and discuss the White House Forum on Race and Policing report. Start here and
scroll down the page for suggestions for improving community and police
relations: https://www.whitehouse.gov/issues/communities-and-policing#taskforce. Report is here in pdf format: http://www.cops.usdoj.gov/pdf/taskforce/TaskForce_FinalReport.pdf
7.
View
the Blackish segment on black youth
and police brutality. Read about it here
and see an excerpt: http://www.nytimes.com/2016/02/26/arts/television/blackish-police-brutality.html?_r=0
8.
Use
my 2016 blog Creating Caring Community
with Circles of Culture: Lesson Plan to prepare your classroom for such
explorations: http://thinkcareact.blogspot.com/2016/07/creating-caring-classroom-community_6.html
9.
Use
my September 2015 blog post: Preparing
our Multicultural Selves to Teach/Reach All of our Children in the Era of Black
Lives Matter.) http://thinkcareact.blogspot.com/2015/09/preparing-our-multicultural-selves-to.html
1.
Read former Philadelphia Police Chief Charles
H. Ramsey’s New York Times Editorial
(9/24/16): http://www.nytimes.com/2016/09/25/opinion/sunday/where-to-go-from-the-anger-in-charlotte.html?action=click&pgtype=Homepage&clickSource=story-heading&module=opinion-c-col-left-region®ion=opinion-c-col-left-region&WT.nav=opinion-c-col-left-region&_r=0
Read German Lopez’s commentary on Vox News: American policing is broken. Here’s how to fix it (11/29/16): http://www.vox.com/policy-and-politics/2016/11/29/12989428/police-shooting-race-crime
Participate in crowdfunding care for Cheri Maples. Obtain information from her Twitter feed @CheriMaples and at the YouCaring site linked here: https://www.youcaring.com/cherimaples-704111?platform=hootsuite
Read German Lopez’s commentary on Vox News: American policing is broken. Here’s how to fix it (11/29/16): http://www.vox.com/policy-and-politics/2016/11/29/12989428/police-shooting-race-crime
Participate in crowdfunding care for Cheri Maples. Obtain information from her Twitter feed @CheriMaples and at the YouCaring site linked here: https://www.youcaring.com/cherimaples-704111?platform=hootsuite
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